Worksheet #28 Chapter 28

Rise of Romanticism

          In searching for the ‘ideal’ in art, many of David’s students learned their art from a neoclassical base.  What were the reasons for this direction? 

          One of David’s students, Antoine-Jean Gros was commissioned to paint Napoleon in a representation of his visit to Jaffa.  Describe how Gros uses color, space, value, movement, etc. to paint this composition.

          How does Gros move away from the neoclassical standard? 

          How did Ingre’s art begin to differ from that of the studio of David, where he studied for a short time? 

          In the idyllic composition Apotheosis of Homer (28-36) where does the idea stem from and how does Ingre achieve the result?

          An early example of Ingre’s concession to Romanticism is Grande Odalisque (28-37). Explain.

          Ingre saw himself as the conservator of good and true art, a protector of its principles against its would-be destroyers.  He led an academic battle against “barbarism" of two later artists and their “movement.”  Who were they? 

Rise of Romanticism     

          Gardner describes Romanticism how?   

          In his publication, Edmund Burke describes his definition of the romantic or sublime as feelings of awe mixed with terror.  Accompanying this taste for the sublime was also the taste for the fantastic, the occult and the macabre.  An artist’s work that illustrates this theory of the sublime laced with the infernal is _______________________________________noted for his etchings in which some of his subjects were grimmer. Explain. 

          Moving away from the Neoclassical style of this Romantic period we encounter artists exploring the exotic and fantastical elements.  One such artist if Francisco de Goya, Spanish by birth. He had become a royal portrait painter during the reign of Charles IV of Spain.

          What similarities can you find in the work Las Meninas (24-33) with Goya’s Family of Charles IV (28-42)?  How do the critics feel about the work/subjects?

          Most compelling of Goya’s works is The Third of May (26-10). Why? List the compositional traits.

          What reasons lead Goya to paint his so-called “black paintings?"

          In moving towards the Romantic, Gericault uses historical settings and events. In his Raft of the Medusa, he literally paints the last day of the survivors of a shipwreck.  How has he brought to the attention of the viewer to this event? 

          The rivalry between Ingre and Delacroix was well known during the mid 1800’s.  But Gardner has an interesting take on this relationship, what is it?

          What is the meaning of the quote, “Imagination, already excited, was further fired by reading those foreign works, so rich in color, so free and powerful in fantasy?"

          Give an example from Delacroix. 

          Another painting which uses the real event of the 1830 revolution in France can be compared to the Raft of the Medusa by Gericault. Explain.

          What journey left a lasting impression on Delacroix and the subjects of his paintings? 

         What observations about color did Delacroix journal that had a major effect on future Impressionists? What was his advice? 

          The Romantic philosophy found its way into sculpture as well as painting.  The works showed attention to the ferocity of nature as well as the heroic and allegorical figures of revolution. Please look at the two sculptures on page 837 to get a feel for the style and quality of the images. How do they fit with the above description?

Landscape Paintings

          During the 19^th century, landscape painting came into its own as a respected genre. How did the Romantics approach this subject matter?

  What does Goethe’s quote about “the living garment of God,” seem to imply? 

  How does Friedrich’s painting, Abbey in the Oak Forest feel like “a solemn requiem?”

          Landscape painting in England begins with John Constable.  Because of the industrial revolution, the change in the economics of agrarian to urban life, many of the family farms were being abandoned because the small farmer could no longer afford to run one.  John Constable’s romantic agrarian scenes become nostalgic and wistful, like a longing for something in the past.

          How did Constable make his living and how did he create the images he saw and knew on his canvases?

          A contemporary of Constable but nearly the opposite in subject matter was Joseph Mallord William Turner.  Looking at both paintings The Haywain and The Slave Ship, describe what the differences appears to be. 

  What event led to this painting? 

  What was the “Hudson River School” in America? 

  “Father” of the Hudson River School was _______________________________  What ‘moral’ issue was also faced and portrayed in these paintings? 

  What was happening to the natural land and the people who lived on this land? 

Whose paintings were very popular at this time? _____________________________    

One of the aspects artists of landscape painting use, especially ones with little or no human evidence? 

          As the 19^th century moves forward, it becomes apparent that the nation’s past, through architecture and art is valued.  When new buildings were designed, in many cases, the designs of the past were incorporated into the new.  The design for Parliament in England was begun.  The late Gothic represented a ‘moral purity and spiritual authenticity’ in the religion as well as the architecture.  The industrial revolution produced products made with little of the craftsmanship known during earlier periods. 

How does Gardner describe the final design of Parliament? 

The exotic styles began to appear due to a country’s imperialism.  An example was the Royal Pavilion by John Nash.  Describe why it might be exotic? 

The Beaux Arts style is adapted to "neo-Baroque" and was taught at the School of Fine Arts (Ecole des Beaux-Arts).  The style incorporated was…

          Towards the middle of the 19^th century, steel became a favored building tool.  The ornamentation of masonry was simplified to more linear designs when using iron and steel.

An example of a steel and glass building is one designed by Paxton for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Describe its design

Photography

          Photography was a revelation in the visual.  It captures accurate images at one moment in time. Both Frenchman Daguerre and Briton Henry Talbot announced the use of photographic processes.  What collaboration between artist and photographer led to a meaningful work? 

          What was the Camera Lucida? 

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          What were Daguerre’s process adaptations to speed up the process and make a better print? 

          With more control over the amount of developing time, one could control the image.  One of Daguerre’s first images which has a fine gradation of tones is _______________________________ . 

          The greatest of the portrait photographers was Frenchman ______________________________, also known as __________________. New materials made possible a rich range of tones in his images.  They were: 

          Documenting war by photography was realized as a powerful tool.  One of the most moving photos is from T. O’Sullivan called A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863.

How did he do this? 

          Neo-Classicism with the heroic, ideal, and the rational contrasted with Romanticism based on feelings and imagination.  The issues of reality and realism were addressed specifically in the movement that followed (with photography), on the heels of Romanticism, Realism.