Work Sheet #29
Chapter 29 19th Rise of Modernism, Part 1
The powers of steam, petroleum and electricity were harnessed to industrialize production. Transportation and communication changes that would forever impact the world Science experiments in chemistry, biology and psychology greatly affected the knowledge of the environment, human immunology and workings of the brain. Conflict of science and the church over the age of the earth, Darwin’s Origin of the Species and the Bible’s Old Testament Genesis arose. Because of the dramatic expansion in these areas during the third quarter of the 19th century is often referred to as the second Industrial Revolution affecting all of Europe and the United States as well.
By challenging traditional Christian beliefs, Darwinism contributed to a growing secular attitude. Explain.
Other controversial philosophies tore apart the social classes even farther. Social Darwinism was applied to economics, the Communist Manifesto encouraged the working classes to overthrow the capitalists and countries expanded into areas of great resources causing conflicts through racism, imperialism, nationalism, and militarism.
The term Modernism was discussed in the previous chapter and described as. . .examining images and sensibilities of their present but now are looking to the aesthetics of the production of the art. Clement Greenburg says that Modernism used art to call attention to art . . . finish this thought.
Realism: The Painting of Modern Life
How is Realism described by Gardner?
An example from Gustave Courbet is __________________________________________________.
What technique did Courbet use to apply paint onto the canvas? What artists were inspired by this method?
Why were Courbet’s paintings of ‘plain people’ rejected by art juries of the 1855 Paris International Exhibition?
What did the Barbizon School of painters specialize in and who was their most prominent member?
Why was The Gleaners (29-3) not “acceptable” with the prosperous classes
How does Daumier use his skills as an artist? Give some examples
Give some examples of his works and discuss the intent of at least one.
What did Manet paint in 1863 that was so controversial? What are the characteristics of this “outrageous” painting?
A second painting shown to elicit a similar reaction is . . . _____________________________.
Not all artists subscribed to the “cold fact” of truth either. Rather they sought something less restrictive than the Realist doctrine. One such artist is Marie-Rosalie (Rosa) Bonheur. Her paintings reflected both ideals. Explain.
Realism Outside of France
In the United States, after the Civil War, the tradition of painting turned toward the realist’s view of the world. Winslow Homer’s painting, The Veteran in a New Field (29-11), is representative of the time right after that civil war. Explain the meaning of the work
What was in Eakins’s background that gave him experience to paint images such as The Gross Clinic (29-12)? How was this painting received?
How does John Singer Sargent’s style differ from his older contemporary, Eakins?
An American painter known for his for his lighting style and Rembrandt influenced work when in school was . . ._____________________________________________. This artist like the previous ones studied in what European city?
What other influence did Tanner combine in his art?
Pre-Raphaelites
Who were the Pre-Raphaelites?
What was distinctive about their art? {Use Millais’ Ophelia (29-17) and Rossetti’s Beata Beatrix (29-18)
A photographer that imbued the photograph with much of the same ‘out of focus’ figures and backgrounds as Rossetti is . . . ___________________________________________. The theme in many of her works come from . . .