Worksheet # 18
1. Political structure which remains imbedded in the economics of trade and commerce aligned with the changes in religious philosophies.
2. The idea that reason might become important over faith allowed for scientific questioning.
3. Conflicts arising out of examination of nature more closely, a philosophy of St. Francis, which he says may bring one closer to God.
Sienna and Florence become important centers for business and political structures. The influence of wealthy families led not only to conflicts of the faithful with the reasonable, but also with a middle class and finally a development of arts and literature by individuals rather than anonymous artisans.
v Define/describe the Maniera Greca style of painting with at least 3 characteristics.
v Two trends in sculpture are seen in the works by father and son Nicola and Giovanni Pisano. They both created pulpits with relief designs of the Annunciation and Nativity. Describe the difference between these two images. (Fig. 19-3 & 19-4)
More formal observation
Light weight sculptural quality
Little depth weighted figures (mass)
Environment/furniture
Associated with full figure
v Comparing the Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets by Cimabue with Giotto’s painting of the same subject, list four characteristic that distinguish the two styles.
v Sienese painters took Byzantine composition and presentation seriously. Duccio is an example of this trend. However, figural rendering was more naturalistic and in some cases enhanced with individual likeness and rendering of form. Explain some of the innovations that are seen on the main panel of the Maesta Altarpiece (fig. 19-10) and the Betrayal of Jesus (fig 19-11).
Byzantine style formation of International style
More naturalistic in appearance brilliant color
Lavish costumes
Processions
Simone Martini’s Annunciation is unlike Giotto’s style. There is no sense of depth but radiant color and elegant shapes. The work is more about surface splendor than the drama of the angel’s message. Also influenced was the northern style gothic frame, it became much more decorative than that of earlier Italian design.
v Describe the role of Master-Apprentice-Assistant as it reveals the changes in these years of increasingly elevated status of the artist scientist.
Shallow space, landscape distinct perspective and illusion of depth
More naturalism and form Landscape has a distance
Attempt at depth is apparent
v Look at the works by both artists and determine how you can recognize the differentiation in the styles. You can list but look for definite characteristics and be able to defend your findings. What purposes do the paintings serve?
Compare the style/design of Florence Cathedral (19-17) with the Cologne Cathedral (18-44)
How did the black plague (1340-1348+ ) effect religious imaging?